Jorge Pullin: For speaker today JEREMY often Eric will speak about polarized black hole constraints from hawking radiation.
Jérémy A.: therapy so think, thank you very much, and thank you for giving me the opportunity to talk at this at the seminar.
Jérémy A.: First of all, maybe I get a must warn you, but I am not.
Jérémy A.: Look quantum gravity specialists, I am more black for answers, yes, so I walk and promote your black holes on the outcome radiation.
Jérémy A.: So this work was a collaboration with Alex and i'll be mark jayla it leaving unconscious are certainly much of them are many of them are present in the seminar, and it is based on two papers.
Jérémy A.: published last year, so in 2021 dealing with poorly managed blackboards but, more generally, with.
Jérémy A.: Strictly symmetric and static matrix for blackboards.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so we still will be more focused on the subject of pulling a writer's block or constraints from oxygen radiation which we have studied in this in this papers.
Jérémy A.: So I will start with a brief introduction about the context of writing of his papers, mostly about a primordial blackboard and the document up problem, then I will present the basic formulas of arcane radiation.
Jérémy A.: Many of you.
Jérémy A.: Who should be should be comfortable with them the.
Jérémy A.: resting and federal pedagogical and then I will speak to you about black Hawk, which is a kudo probably could have written with my physics director Alex lobby and which close to compute outing radiation, which is the main topic of this of this talk.
Jérémy A.: Finally, I will spend a lot more time discussing how we continue to the William arise black hole constraints on using outcome radiation, and this will be the main part of the structure.
Jérémy A.: and
Jérémy A.: The longest I think.
Jérémy A.: And when I will conclude.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so let's start with the introduction.
Jérémy A.: Of the original Article texts of of Nice of may physicists and the study is the document problem, the missing that metal problem.
Jérémy A.: So it was acknowledged in the in the 80s and even before that verizon missing mass component in the universe so on this slide I have presented for in two worlds this missing mass So the first one is the galaxy rotation curves of spirit galaxies so it was a it was observed that the.
Jérémy A.: The stars at the margin of galaxies rotates too fast, if very easily visible matter in vertical axis, so it was a it was a process is that verizon invisible a low in the galaxies which will present in fact most of a mess of the galaxy.
Jérémy A.: By this was a fast it's.
Jérémy A.: The second one was.
Jérémy A.: The mass of clusters of galaxies, this is the bottom left one, and it was a it was.
Jérémy A.: made evident that the mess of crystals is much, much more than the mass of galaxies, but we can count in them and similar a low was a was a.
Jérémy A.: proposal to explain other massive clusters of galaxies.
Jérémy A.: Then a striking observation was made in the blood christelle, this is the top right the banana.
Jérémy A.: showing that the the massive matter which can be which can be constrained that which position can be constrained by your own the formation of light.
Jérémy A.: Yang the cluster is not located at the position of visible matter which can be observed by X Ray initial.
Jérémy A.: So various the distinction between the two, and most of them, as in fact is comprised in an invisible components, it says that letter finally of approach of salvation and before that we could build summation of.
Jérémy A.: The cmt radiation showed that.
Jérémy A.: Something like 27% of the universe energy density is in the form of a duck components and then by any component which.
Jérémy A.: which was called dark matter.
Jérémy A.: Okay, and for many years now, people have tried to search what is that matter what it is comprised of.
Jérémy A.: And many candidates have been proposed, among which makes missive neutrinos so if very there exists a new particularly investment Almaden investment so neutrinos with a mass.
Jérémy A.: Very heavy neutrinos maybe they can explain that later.
Jérémy A.: Another proposal was wimps weekly interactive macy particles, which were really compelling because they are.
Jérémy A.: Really density just matched the density of that later today with a small set of initial assumptions, so it was a compelling candidates, but they have not been detected so far.
Jérémy A.: Then people have proposed over particles of feels like Asians that fits exotic particles, I will not enter into the Danes.
Jérémy A.: Also modified gravitational laws could explain the rotation curves of galaxies and the behavior of crystals of galaxies but it's difficult to match every observation with a single fury.
Jérémy A.: Finally, very early, even in the in the 70s black holes were proposed as a solution to the dark matter because they don't emit light, so they they can be part of an invisible called up my body.
Jérémy A.: This is a candidate, I would focus on in this talk.
Jérémy A.: So the interesting primordial black horse is really early, as I said, it was a it dates back to the 70s, and in fact it has received a renewed interest since 2015.
Jérémy A.: Firstly, because of the salvation of.
Jérémy A.: Black black hole male jobs by Lego first and then like when I go collaboration.
Jérémy A.: So the blackboards.
Jérémy A.: i've been observed in binaries and these binaries could be made of primordial records.
Jérémy A.: Secondly, the recent observation of the shadow of a black hole at the Center of em at seven.
Jérémy A.: In 2012 lay.
Jérémy A.: Country and in fact the presence of very supermassive black holes at the Center of galaxies and the seeds of his blockers are phone out and that's really good really well understood, they cannot come from the collapse of styles so maybe they come from, from all the records.
Jérémy A.: Of the Lego via goo graveyard as it is called, as as greatly extended since the first observation in 2015 So you can see, on this blood service teachers in December in 2018 and then we split the current status, so a lot of.
Jérémy A.: records managers have been observed and that some of them have.
Jérémy A.: A stellar evolution, so they could be explained by sterilization i'm not saying that we have discovered the primordial records, but some of them looks strange to her.
Jérémy A.: mother's believe that until now, so we have to adapt to them with us to explain them some of them, for example, of too heavy.
Jérémy A.: Maybe to be to be produced by the collapse of stuffs.
Jérémy A.: As we need to be interesting primordial records.
Jérémy A.: So how do from a geographical farm in fact they found in the early universe, they don't come from the collapse of starting.
Jérémy A.: With river from from the collapse of initial density exhibitions in the really, really early universe, so when a better nation which can arise, for example, from content fluctuations retirement of inflation Rentals variable or reason like you can see, on this little sketch.
Jérémy A.: So the middle panel shows the reentry and this overall density can then interact with additionally and causally because it's inside the orbital radius and if it is I enough above the maintenance it's.
Jérémy A.: it's it's a jeans classical jeans gravitational collapse and can form a blackboard, so this is a primordial record.
Jérémy A.: So you can simply sketch vest the collapse and the formation of blackpool's is linked to the size of the arrays and, at the time of formation.
Jérémy A.: And this gives a link a direct link between the mass of primordial black holes and the time of formation, this is explained by the Formula one yeah.
Jérémy A.: So overall possible channels that exists for promo promo blackwater information like.
Jérémy A.: The collapse of.
Jérémy A.: strings domain wars of first order conditions phase transitions in the early years I won't go into things.
Jérémy A.: One thing we can say is when spinner the rotation of promoting records depends on.
Jérémy A.: The context in which they were found, for example, without the universe was where the nation of of metal dominated at the time of formation.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so what are our motivations to search for promotional black holes and take them as a competing.
Jérémy A.: candidate for that matter, that's a fun primordial blockers don't require new fundamental particles, so we don't have to add.
Jérémy A.: About he goes to a standard model to think from the black codes, something that is less evidence is that we have two.
Jérémy A.: little bit the conditions of the early universe, to obtain a sizable amount of promoter backwards.
Jérémy A.: Secondly, blockers exists, we have upsell them by X Ray.
Jérémy A.: Surveys and we have also detected recently of intentional wave signals from family girls and we have reconstructed with shadow of supermassive black holes at least some don't get access, so they are they exist.
Jérémy A.: Then, as I have said, some black horse Muslim female girls.
Jérémy A.: seem to be too heavy or likes to other still have class he goes to the origin, so this could point to our promo general region.
Jérémy A.: Then we don't really know from now Where do the supermassive black holes at the Center of galaxies come from.
Jérémy A.: The inside to help promote that origin to.
Jérémy A.: And then the development of reputational astronomy in the very near future, could give an access to the premier the backbone of gravitational waves.
Jérémy A.: which could contain the imprint of a black hole information so, for example, we have analogous have collaboration which have, which has claimed with addiction of background of gravitational waves and some people i've.
Jérémy A.: interpreted it interpreted it as the signal of from algebra information do you need us.
Jérémy A.: Finally, the thing that interests us in the storage is bad promoter backwards can be late enough to emit sizable outing radiation.
Jérémy A.: In fact, our congregation polar is proportion is inversely proportional to the mass of records, so if you can have a black hole which is much lighter than still out mass black or then your thing.
Jérémy A.: sizable amount amount of oxygen radiation which acts as a unique problem to two things first is quantum gravity, because the black holes can have.
Jérémy A.: sites that goes down from algebra course can have a size that goes down to progress, and you can have a new in any prob to tie in LG particle physics, because as black holes lose last they increase the temperature and they can emit degrees of freedom, but we are not.
Jérémy A.: At all not accessible, for example, it could either analogies.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so promoted records i've been a subject of lots of constraining methods, since the 70s, so you can sell this product for my latest but really recent status of the constraints.
Jérémy A.: We left, but you have the constraints on really light from Roger blackboard which would have evaporated today very limited mess is 10 to 15 gram.
Jérémy A.: So this is the Left plots so ideas with constraints linked to a big movie yukio sentence, for example.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Can you tell us what is the y axis of the ground.
Jérémy A.: What are you blogging yes sorry, yes, so on the Left blood, the y axis is the fraction of the universe energy density that went into primordial black holes at the time of formation.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Thank you.
Jérémy A.: So it's not clean it's not linked with that matter because.
Jérémy A.: This primordial records already have evaporated so they cannot your part of that matter today.
Jérémy A.: On the right plot the y axis is the fraction of that matter, but from a job records can represent sweets reflection today, so these messes up high enough so that's the outcome radiation did not destroy black words and they can be part of that letter.
Jérémy A.: And the vocal strains on unripe banana.
Jérémy A.: cosmological constraints linked to the cmt distortion of dynamic and constraints links to the destruction of stars on the neutron stars white dwarfs of microlensing constraints for male job constraints and on really.
Jérémy A.: Left part of the plot so in orange.
Jérémy A.: These are all the constraints leads to outrun radiation, but we are concerned in today.
Carlo Rovelli: hear me, can you take a question.
Carlo Rovelli: About this, this constraints here.
Jérémy A.: yeah.
Carlo Rovelli: The question, let me say what the question is and why the question is, does this assume that at the end of the operation, the black hole disappears entirely, and the reason of this question is that.
Carlo Rovelli: The model which several of us have been working is that at the end of the operation, there is a remnant of the Planck size that might be a component of dark matter.
Jérémy A.: Yes, okay let's.
Carlo Rovelli: Do this plot keep into account this possibility or not do they assume that.
Carlo Rovelli: that's a good question it's everything disappears.
Jérémy A.: They do so if you look at the left, floods and you look at the top left part of this bloods new CEO adopted black line which is SP weeks.
Jérémy A.: yeah and which is precisely the proc remnants of records.
Carlo Rovelli: Okay, thank you okay thank.
Jérémy A.: You Steve so, in fact, the constraints from vpn above the prompt remnants constraints, so they are not stringent and, in fact, you will use Eve at these constraints do does not apply for for heavier black holes.
Carlo Rovelli: anything.
Carlo Rovelli: Thank you, great.
Jérémy A.: No problem.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And under item plot again right so.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The X axis is the math and the automation right not not.
Jérémy A.: Yes, yes.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And, and then the.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Other constraints are wearing suits i'm still confused about So what is allowed, is what is not dash and shaded region is allow is that right.
Jérémy A.: Yes.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Okay, so therefore if I look at about 10 to 15.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: yeah so no bosses so bad is all allowed or what.
Jérémy A.: yeah so above 10 to 15 grants, you see that line at one fraction one of that matter in primary or black words.
Jérémy A.: Is allow the only for small window that says returning read this morning window be pretend to be 17 and 10 to 22 grams in this small window in Canada and read percent of that matter in the form of primordial records.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: To be.
Jérémy A.: yeah so below destruction, you can have in fact from algebra course, but they will not be the full that matter and we don't even a fraction of it above a fraction is equal to one you can't have this mission from a job records, because you would explode the dark metal critical density.
Jérémy A.: So every color shaded region is forbidden.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: right because.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Most that so that.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: He could to make explicit.
Jérémy A.: Thank you yeah sorry, thank you for your for your rematch.
Alejandro PEREZ: Sorry, I have a little extra question, what is this Alice.
Alejandro PEREZ: relics constraint, where does it come from because strain on this place in mass black holes.
Jérémy A.: In fact, if you have too much of the energy density of the universe that goes into primordial black holes in the beginning of the universe this black words quickly evaporate they lose our mess up to go.
Jérémy A.: down to the darkness and then, then they leave a remnant they can leave a remnant, which is of a brokenness and in fact it is remnants are believed to be a downer because they don't.
Jérémy A.: emit option radiation and chemo evolution is stopped at two o'clock mass and if you have too many of them, you can have a fraction of your energy density, that is above the critical energy density of the universe.
Jérémy A.: So this gives a constraint, in fact, on the number of progress remnants you can have.
Alejandro PEREZ: Okay, thank you.
Jérémy A.: Thank you.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so this is the end of the introduction, if you have any more question about premier black holes more generic question, maybe we can postpone them to the end of his talks, and now I will speak to you about option radiation, which is a phenomenon linked to a records.
Jérémy A.: So i'll kill radiation is a phenomenal logical.
Jérémy A.: discovery of civil Kenya, which mixed mixed sorry the thermodynamics onto mechanics and you know all activity in the 70s and you obtained really striking phenomena incurred the auction radiation now which which mixes always free domains into.
Jérémy A.: kind of semi classical theory of black holes so it's not a full costume fury it's a semi classical fury.
Jérémy A.: Because of the matrix of the universe is believed to be explained de Janeiro activity, we will come back to that.
Jérémy A.: So what is the, what are the basic formula as of acute radiation so actually radiation is.
Jérémy A.: spontaneous remission of particles from the origin of records, so, in fact, in the in the universe, you have fluctuations of.
Jérémy A.: Film applications that give rise to perils of particles and outside and type articles and the different thing at the origin of a black hole is that you can.
Jérémy A.: split rebellion to and keep when alphabet outside of a black hole and the inside of a black hole, then these two particles cannot interact anymore, they are separate because it separated.
Jérémy A.: And so they cannot emulate and one of the two particles escapes to can escape to infinity It can also be recaptured beta Blocker but.
Jérémy A.: If he takes escapes to infinity This gives rise to a netflix of particles from the horizon of a black hole which is called in fact outcome radiation.
Jérémy A.: So the emission rates for particle is given by this formula it's really close to reverse man formula which is.
Jérémy A.: The only difference between being in the numerator is fraction which is gamma and which is called the great effect of this is so, this is different from the black, would you factor in the birds mad.
Jérémy A.: At the denominator of this equation, you see, that you have boltzmann exponential with ineffective temperature that is linked to the metric of a blackboard, so I will come back later to the formulas.
Jérémy A.: For Redwood effect on gamma and outcomes from try to see.
Jérémy A.: If you compute the the rate of emission of articles by blackwell by ocean radiation, you can integrate on this greater incidence rate of a mission to obtain study.
Jérémy A.: Loss of mass and uncle tomorrow, for example, and this is a this is owned by these two equations which are called the page coefficients.
Jérémy A.: emulating the bakery group page coefficients on the left by integrating the rate of emotion you obtain on the right of the differential equations for the evolution of a mess and organized momentum of a blackboard.
Jérémy A.: And you can compute so the evolution of a mess and angular momentum is run on the spreads and you can see that most blackwater rotates fast then most rapidly it loses its mass and disappears off if you want steps as a problem so rake.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so difficult the most difficult parts in this in this calculation, the calculation of a rate of emission because every.
Jérémy A.: Once you have a rate of the mission, you can compute everything you can compute the lifetime of a black hole you can control the spectrum of ammunition, you can complete the constraints and everything.
Jérémy A.: The most difficult part is to obtain the grabber de facto the services, the critical ingredients to to obtain the rate of innovation.
Jérémy A.: How do we obtain the grade, would you factor in fact we consider the equation of motion inside verb local matrix.
Jérémy A.: Then we apply an analytical transformation to this equation to obtain wave equivalent wave equation and inside this way the equation, you see that there is a potential ineffective potential appearing and then we serve numerically this wave equation, this is the difficult part.
Jérémy A.: Is one ticket, but to obtain the transmission coefficient Ghana, which corresponds, in fact, we agree with the factor.
Jérémy A.: So the numerical resolution is in fact quite trivial because it's really the same as a spontaneous remission of articles from a potential away.
Jérémy A.: So this is known, the difficult part is to find the potential in some ways equation, and this is what we have done, in fact, with an excellent job, a month jadeja.
Jérémy A.: Italian and punches consulting we have found a formula a general formula for we put on shows in inner circle asymmetric and static image rich for any black hole solution.
Jérémy A.: You can see here before 11 we have the right.
Jérémy A.: When we come back later to how we are we obtain is this formula.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So this is going to scale up or scale up automation only.
Jérémy A.: Not.
Jérémy A.: To mention zero went to and when i've seen activation.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: It so there's zero it surprises for the screen.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Yes, thank you, thank you.
No problem.
Jérémy A.: OK, so now that we have a basic ingredients for watching radiation, we need a computer program to compute option radiation with these ingredients.
Jérémy A.: This is precisely the aim of blackwater occurred, that I have developed with my physics director of a hobby and which I will present the review now.
Jérémy A.: So black coach is a is a biblical secret that you can do know that this web page.
Jérémy A.: And the blackhawks contains a lot of things blackhawk can compute the outcome gradation of different black holes so, for example, instruction standout black holes.
Jérémy A.: chair, which are dating black holes is now not some which are charged black ones I mentioned earlier in the models with large scale large scale.
Jérémy A.: Extra dimensions and, within that interests us polymerase black holes.
Jérémy A.: Inside blackwell you can compute the open radiation from a variety of black or distributions.
Jérémy A.: For example, if you have a cosmological model that predicts some distribution of prominent black holes.
Jérémy A.: Later we have a look normal mass distribution with a spoon or something, then you can compute the integrated auction radiation from this backwards and very to some observations to think of.
Jérémy A.: It that hook.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: contains a screen sorry sorry to bother you, but your main.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Big big achievement is really to solve this potential that's all this yeah opt in the put the transmission coefficient solve this.
Jérémy A.: equation race yes.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So, so what I was still confused so you're assuming that the background we just any spherical is symmetric static metric what is the assumption.
Jérémy A.: OK, I will come back in the days in the last part of history in polyamory acquisition.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: fantastic.
Jérémy A.: I sorry yeah it's more of a presentation and then they will focus on the case of polymerase blackboards that interests.
Jérémy A.: You more maybe so you will have lots of mathematical he stays at this moment.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Wonderful Thank you.
No problem.
Jérémy A.: yeah so blackhawk computes for gravity factors that the by numerically solving the shots shutting down equation.
Jérémy A.: Then it uses this the mission rates to compute the if the evaporation equations for black holes, so he sees the evolution.
Jérémy A.: And then its advantages, the primary spectrum because outrun radiation deals with some dominant particles fundamental particles.
Jérémy A.: So you need a particle physics coded to obtain the final spectrum of particles so have a stable particles like protons electrons protons and everything.
Jérémy A.: Because every other particle like neurons toads quarks and everything will either add realize all decay before reaching your detectors so blackhawk contains particle physics interface.
Jérémy A.: which allows to compute the secondary spec OPS or finance because particulates, we have interfaced it with asthma PTA a week and hdmi spectra to obtain different.
Jérémy A.: signal noise spectra depending on the energy scale consider.
Jérémy A.: Everything is explained in the blackhawk manual.
Jérémy A.: And finally, block which contains three programs The first one is an instantaneous computation of the emission rate of.
Jérémy A.: blackwater So if you want to have a fair, which you can access to what is the emission of one record.
Jérémy A.: The second one is.
Jérémy A.: considered the time dependent emission of records, so this is relevant for cosmological studies of lifetime emission of black holes in the universe, something that you can compare with observations.
Jérémy A.: And the last program recently developed is going to is it is, and it is deals with an automatic computation of.
Jérémy A.: Radiation constraints, the ocean rotation constraints on a project records, so this is the program that allows me to obtain constraints on abundance and on the matrix of primal job records when comparing the spectrum of the mission to observations.
Jérémy A.: OK, so now that we have every ingredients, we will go into some more details about the specific case of premier res black horse and our King graduation from his blackboards.
Francesca Vidotto: And I asked.
Francesca Vidotto: me before you, you specialize today polymerase case so look.
Francesca Vidotto: A constraint some remarkable calls one over the issue is that in the past and we were at the constraints on a monochromatic spectrum just for one mass and now we understand that.
Francesca Vidotto: There are possibilities to form remind me of course with the distribution of masses, so I was wondering if in this code, so that you are have been developing in particular for cosmological studies.
Francesca Vidotto: Do you have to work on, always with the black holes of a given master or can you handle those two distribution of masses.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so thank you for your question, and in fact it's it's explained, maybe I was too fast on the slide it's explained in this slide but inside black or you can implement in.
Jérémy A.: blackboard distribution and the constraints will be computed by the program is, that is, with an extended mass distribution, if you provide it.
Jérémy A.: will do nothing.
Jérémy A.: yeah so the only thing you need to to give to blackhawks is functional former end of em the distribution of masses and it will compute the spectrum, the integrated spectrum and, then, is that this will compute the constraints.
Francesca Vidotto: Okay Thank you so much, my conclusion was that they were when you were talking about distribution, I thought it was like a dark matter distribution instead the year here is really distribution in the possible masses Thank you so much.
Jérémy A.: yeah so I on a Sunday configure your cold fusion, and in fact the program is that this is the part that deals with a difference that middle distributions, for example in the galaxy you can have different functional.
Jérémy A.: form for the arrow, and this is dealt with inside is that is and black audience with extended mass distribution of black.
Francesca Vidotto: One Thank you so much, very interesting.
Jérémy A.: Thank you yeah.
Jérémy A.: Thank you.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so let's focus more on premier rights black holes and go into all the mathematical details.
Jérémy A.: So the first thing you need, as I explained the phone to to obtain the outcome radiation is.
Jérémy A.: matrix of space time outside of a blackboard.
Jérémy A.: So in our work with monkey jayla Francesco Alexandre it we have dealt with the problem, he writes blackboard and that's given by modesto.
Jérémy A.: So matrix is written in this form.
Jérémy A.: We have chosen to write it in boiling crisco coordinates.
Jérémy A.: And you can see the form of a functional form of the factors D E, F G H, and the interesting part is that all these factors.
Jérémy A.: show no singularity at all equal to zero it's an onsen graph and that's for reconciliation so many more ends it's exists with the same function alarm shape let's say that.
Jérémy A.: We, so we have no singular whichever Center at the coordinate Center and we could compute with the same things as I will explain in the next slide we could conclude from an option radiation of any search metric.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so inside this metric the two parameters between bottom Tommy tells of epsilon and a zero so excellent is the deformation parameter, which appears in the premier ization function.
Jérémy A.: And a zero is the gap which describes the fact that there is no coordinates singularity at are equal to zero position.
Jérémy A.: So the deformation palatable the only constraint reasonable constraints, we we we have an it is but it's, it must be positive, but in fact it could be.
Jérémy A.: Of the other unity could be really small, but it could also be really large depending on your theory of preliminaries a preliminary ization of black pants.
Jérémy A.: Okay, the temperature for black hole is is a German recall.
Jérémy A.: Quantity it's not a thermodynamic quantity strict thermodynamic quantity, even if we can make an analogy so it's a geometrical quantity, that is computed unrelated to the surface gravity of records.
Jérémy A.: So T is equal to Cabo occupy where Cabezas your face gravity inside any so Kelly Smith freakin statistics matrix you can come to Canada, I don't think the temperature as being this.
Jérémy A.: Quantity they cannot record arisen, where F G other factors, we have seen earlier in the general form of the matrix so you can compute T for premier rights blackboards includes two matrix and the thing is this formula.
Jérémy A.: and the first thing we can we can observe and this formula is that it could be a zero it contains factor that is a plus minus.
Jérémy A.: minus so the difference between the position of the two reasons of a black hole efforts being the origin of event horizon and emptiness being the cushy oh reason.
Jérémy A.: So, in fact, if you increase epsilon up to infinity then a plus and a minus go to the same value and the temperature goes to zero, this is exactly the same behavior as sharp challenged black hole with.
Jérémy A.: charged Q going to em, so this is a forbidden in fact in a in general activity you can't have.
Jérémy A.: This is kind of the Asia, but you can increase epsilon to obtain a really small temperature.
Jérémy A.: And this blood, you can savor the shape of a temperature as a function of epsilon divided by the temperature of the shop shop shop black hole of the same last one thing we can we can observe, it is vital to consider that epsilon is smaller so below well.
Jérémy A.: The effects of the value of a zero is zero is zero or wrong size is negligible in fact you don't want your favorite temperature rematch now you're taking a zero equal to some value of zero.
Jérémy A.: But that is you know the impact of a zero is a more sensitive.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So I just don't understand your viewpoint, because you're taking them, on the one hand, things from the body realized one specific model upon humanized metric.
asparagus magic.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: But other than this picture would not work very well if i'm selling is large right, I mean the assumption in that picture was excellent, very smart like to arrive at that i'd maybe I misunderstand your excellent but typically the polymerization parameter has to be very small.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So also.
Jérémy A.: yeah so that's the discussion we had with.
Jérémy A.: US and in fact the only physical limitation on epsilon is that it is positive, but to obtain a reasonable fury of lukewarm gravity, I agree that it's you know, has to be small.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And procedure yeah I mean, I think that the whole whole whole.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Not it's not a good situation either, but whole paradigm or breaks down if salad is not very small, but I think you are taking it as just a few more logical parameters mistaken.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Yes, and sometimes thinking about the origin of.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: How it was actually introduced in the first place okay.
Jérémy A.: yeah exactly, in fact, the aim is to show that we can come through toxin reduction in the world polymerase blackwell project and then, if we.
Jérémy A.: We can compute, what are the constraints on a premier blackpool's deriving derived deriving from this body Sigma and then, if we have a signal, and if we have.
Jérémy A.: Full theory of relativity is tested, then we can constrain the value of a biomaterials insulin and he rose from the constraints of from from our records, which is the general idea behind this work.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: All right, okay.
simone: Question also.
simone: M and.
simone: H zero does epsilon control the time delay in the Center is well you didn't say what the value of the metric was in zero but it looks like it's not one right.
Jérémy A.: In zero it's not one.
Jérémy A.: Because of it is zero yeah.
simone: not bad okay so but fixed at zero and m than excellent also controls day.
simone: So, so if M and N zero R things you cannot touch then yeah priori you have a time delay, which is also controlled by obscene oh.
Jérémy A.: yeah you agree.
simone: Okay, thank you.
simone: yeah.
Jérémy A.: Maybe i'm not a specialist enough to.
Jérémy A.: To to to explain every aspect of.
simone: was just to see that the model X, you know also has another.
simone: Physical meaning, it also gives.
Jérémy A.: Okay, and last question OK.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Yes, yes.
Jérémy A.: OK, so now that we have competed with temperature, we can compute the grave with the factors to do that, we have to express the equations of motions.
Jérémy A.: In in some continuous form to obtain shot wrench potentials.
Jérémy A.: So we consider or did hard, which is valid for the staircase metric instead teacher black codes, we have a we have chosen to to international women rights black ones are just an example of that.
Jérémy A.: And we receive it in the human panels formalism which is one formalism for general relativity computations.
Jérémy A.: Things have simplified by the fact that we have historically symmetry and static metric so a lot of coefficients goes to zero, and we are left with 590 coefficients so whom you get mad beta alpha.
Jérémy A.: And these coefficients, in fact, are the one appearing once appearing in the equations of motions of fields in care of space time.
Jérémy A.: expressed in the new mentor and holds formalism to visit equations in fact all equations are these equations can be regrouped in the master form which is given an.
Jérémy A.: equation 11 and then this master form can be separated by your choosing and assets for field equation, which is physically Smith, we can start secure way function.
Jérémy A.: So injecting the sunsets inside the equations of motion will take two equations when which is on the left and when, which is Rachel and the single one of your original equation is called vertical ski equation.
Jérémy A.: So this is the equation of propagation of fields regularly in the matrix in the bedroom metric of a blackboard.
Jérémy A.: So it's a difficult equation, with a lot of questions, we will not go into details, but then this equation can be transformed into shutting up with equation by you're doing some something called the show has a captain's formation, so you change the.
Jérémy A.: alternate and you change.
Jérémy A.: The story the way function by some function of a wave function and is derivative it's the capital formation and your tenure schrodinger wave equation, with the potential.
Jérémy A.: and doing that you're damn potentials issued with you to do things clearly you can obtain potential with shot range behavior so again that goes down to zero faster than one of our F 2.2.
Jérémy A.: And this is really convenient effects because you can then serve the propagation equation, you make any if you have something that goes that goes down to zero.
Jérémy A.: So through 12 and one way to venue of long range interactions and it's difficult to compute things numerically but with this with insurance, but we have derived in fact you have an access and easy numerical access to the transmission coefficients gonna.
Jérémy A.: kill me this is.
Jérémy A.: yeah.
Carlo Rovelli: A question if I.
Carlo Rovelli: Have a confusion so maybe i'm misunderstanding what is going on, and you can take away the confusion if you're.
Carlo Rovelli: you're viewing the radiation as handling effect from the inside the outside, seems to me.
Carlo Rovelli: And these equations or waiver questions to include the inside of the black hole where do some big correction do to polymerization only want to have to anything.
Carlo Rovelli: Now what what disturbs me is that I, I thought that the whole can radiation.
Carlo Rovelli: itself phenomenon that can be dealt just with outside and doesn't depend on what is inside just by causality.
Carlo Rovelli: Especially in the in this context where the horizon is really in a an event horizon, so the question is, how can we, how can they tear the interior of the black hole has any effect on the hockey radiation it's just because it is connected.
Carlo Rovelli: By confused.
Jérémy A.: yeah so in my in our approach sorry we didn't consider the inside of a black hole in fact we, as you said, we don't need the inside of a black hole to obtain the auction radiation phenomenon.
Okay, so I.
Carlo Rovelli: yeah, so this is all outside is that.
Jérémy A.: Yes, yes, the metric is very outside of a black hole we didn't consider have a problem with pronunciation of American side.
Carlo Rovelli: Okay Okay, so it wasn't.
Jérémy A.: Really wasn't.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Enough yeah, so I think there was maybe for other people so that they're using our spark board right and I imagine that you are a star coordinate is still going to minus infinity near the killing rising of the metric is that right.
Jérémy A.: Yes, yes, so.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Stop.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Killing horizon, so therefore it is really promising refill it so it's really exciting.
Carlo Rovelli: Okay, yes way, the question is just everything happening outside Okay, thank you.
Carlo Rovelli: Thanks.
Jérémy A.: yeah you're always you couldn't define ourselves, we.
Carlo Rovelli: Have, this is a standard star Okay, the textbook one okay.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Thinking total score I mean modify our ties caught me because i'm a bit to get back, but yeah.
Carlo Rovelli: yeah yeah Thank you good got it.
Jérémy A.: Thank you.
Jérémy A.: OK, so now we will move on to the results we have obtained the indie cinema logical approach to put in my eyes black hole outing radiation.
Jérémy A.: So, so we sold the relation was very for any scimitar circuitry symmetry can static matrix so if your your model predicts some variation around this.
Jérémy A.: This modesto and that we have chosen, then you can compute the coupon shores by very formulas that we see on the slide and you can then compute the outcome radiation in your moodle and compare it to the case of structured black holes, for example.
Jérémy A.: So this is what we will do for playwrights black holes just now.
Jérémy A.: So first let's have a look at the potentials.
Jérémy A.: You see, on this pilot potentials for us in 012 and one so every year fundamental particle.
Jérémy A.: Compared to the show action potentials So you can see that there is a verizon with each station, and you can save it for medication is nuts.
Jérémy A.: User which, in fact, the probability of emission of particles depends critically and the value of the potentials so, in fact, even if even with slight modifications of potentials you obtain very different outcome Commission rates, so we can see that the the introduction of.
Jérémy A.: polymerization memorization inside the matrix changes every potentials quite a bit.
Alejandro PEREZ: Which one is dishwashing which one is the.
Jérémy A.: Yes, sorry.
Jérémy A.: So yeah solid ones have pretty memorize the potentials and dashed ones are the sharpshooter potentials.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And is absolutely mentioned this, I just forgot that sorry.
Jérémy A.: yeah it's dimension less so it's quite complicated to to to understand what is even with the creation, maybe, things will become more clear when I show visit the spectra have a mission, because, as you can see everything has been.
Jérémy A.: reduced by using radius of the horizon ah, so this is not the same for shashi black holes and poor memorize black words it's not the usual.
Jérémy A.: Two times Emma rages so everything up just to be on the same scale, but you have to take into account from with each station coming from the modification of or raising rages.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So.
Jérémy A.: Very good.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: shape I chosen it selectively say 1 million.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: very small, then yes just get a short she is that right, I mean, I will not.
Jérémy A.: see any education, yes.
Jérémy A.: yeah he should we should take excellent and goes to zero, with your eaten the next slides you don't see any modification good.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so then with this potential, so we serve shorting the equation and obtain the outcome radiation construction and, in fact, something we have done in the papers, is to try to check.
Jérémy A.: It now john low energy values of cross section we obtained, because we can compute it analytically, and so we can check that we obtained the good behavior for the numerical you computed the predictions.
Jérémy A.: This is what we have done so at low energy in fact numerical analytically we can compute the Cross section for spins your field but it's.
Jérémy A.: quite complicated to obtain the results for spin one, two and one and fields I can not easily go into the details, but.
Jérémy A.: The the analytical computation of these things are really messy so we have not been able to check low energy spin when spin and spin one else may use for the cross section between the paper we have completed them for the ir dimensional black horse uncharged black holes and shown that.
Jérémy A.: The low energy results.
Jérémy A.: Our good agreement with analytical results it's only for human rights backwards, but we will not a burnt to the right of analytical results.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So, when you say low and high, it is a bit of a black hole or what.
Jérémy A.: Yes, yes, the scale of energies is set by the temperature of a blackboard, which is one of them is something like that.
Jérémy A.: And that I, you know G every spin everything spin goes to the same cross section to the same as soon as something called value.
Jérémy A.: And in this case, we were able to predict analytical Eva value of this cross section and we observe numerically completed once we will with fury, so we are confident in our.
Jérémy A.: emission rates for human rights, black holes in this model.
Jérémy A.: So when we completed the October edition rates, and this is the main results, and we can see on the left on the Left plots.
Jérémy A.: emission rates of different spins so spin spin one spin and spin oneself as a function of the energy so it's an energy spectrum.
Jérémy A.: And we see that's compared to the shot show results if you take excellent to be close to zero to 10 tremendous one to 10 to the minus open one.
Jérémy A.: In fact you don't obtain huge differences compelled to structural issues, if you look at the scale on on the left and the y axis, you see, but it's a linear scale.
Jérémy A.: So, in fact, the emission rates of putting a writer's block or in the limits of its young goes to zero is really, really close to be structured one and we don't expect much differences in observational signals of such records so it's maybe it's a bit different but yeah let's keep up.
Jérémy A.: On the right hand side you can save a variation of respect for for either use of excellent so we took gives you an equal to one phone even 10 and then this bloods we have chosen to use.
Jérémy A.: The login is located on the way access, because the changes in the emissions are much more sensitive sensitive, so you can see that we lose many orders of magnitude of emission if it's you know goes to 10.
Jérémy A.: So the difference between the structure and the perimeters black hole can only be sensible if the value of insulin is high.
Jérémy A.: So we will record that in fact the same conclusion when you're looking at village time and have a black hole because, as you remember the page efficient, so the thing that integrates Overall, the rate of emission at lowes to obtain your lifestyle.
Jérémy A.: Is is defined by this way and we can see what if epsilon is close to zero, and even if it's when it's closed one, in fact, the beta coefficient is not modified.
Jérémy A.: rods, and only if, if someone is really much more than one in the spreadsheet standard when we have a huge difference in the F factor.
Jérémy A.: And this translates into a huge difference in the lifetime of black holes, so if if epsilon is phenomenology carrie hi you can see that the lifetime of glucose can be increased by over two orders of magnitude, so he has a great impact in fact and cosmology of primordial black holes.
Jérémy A.: But if it's alone is close to zero, then the modification is a slight.
Jérémy A.: Finally, if we consider the constraints obtain on Prem algebra course from outcome radiation.
Jérémy A.: These constraints demand and precise spectra of.
Jérémy A.: fertilization, for example, and they also depend on energy repetition of affiliation.
Jérémy A.: and precise energy repetition, so if the spectrum is distorted by the fact that black police policeman raised another niche function, then the constraints on with the fight, and you can see, on this bloods but, when it goes to values.
Jérémy A.: Much, I have no one sees five or 10 when the constraints on Prem algebra called abundance as a fraction of that matter is.
Jérémy A.: is modified and, in fact, is it's less stringent than in the shot showcase so infrastructure case we can save at promoting our black holes as an odd percent of that matter are excluded.
Jérémy A.: Below 10 to 18 grams into 17 grams for sorry let's if you consider putting our eyes, because then you open a new window between 10 to 16 and 17 grams, for example, for all that material inside the promotional records.
Jérémy A.: The effect that has not taken into account in these constraints, is the mutation of a lifetime.
Jérémy A.: Because, if you have records, we have a longer lifetime then smaller black words let's say 10 to 13 often to 12 grants could survive until today, and if you have an extended distributions.
Jérémy A.: mass distribution of such black holes, then the extended mass distribution can contribute to that matter abundance today because we're related blockers did not evaporate yet.
Jérémy A.: So the constraints are completely modify them when they can when taking into account the premier ization memorization of records in the case where it's 11 is huge if it's your own is really close to zero, in fact, of modification is.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Any any understand why yeah in this blog.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: it's an equal to one, then the correction is to the right of the classical one, if I understand.
correctly.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: yeah.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And the other case it is to the left, what what is so it looks like almost like you know, there is some critical value of excellent for which you get back to classical modification which is not.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: between one and five, you should get back again the classical prediction yeah.
Jérémy A.: So in fact it's quite.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: A bit.
Jérémy A.: yeah it's a it's it's numerically.
Jérémy A.: Re a slight medicate yeah if you look at this let's have a temperature you see that, first, before going to zero, we don't be Rachel increases compelled to fashion, who, if you increase epsilon.
Jérémy A.: We would we would expect that when its young increases the wanting to infinity we don't provide some goes to zero.
Jérémy A.: Is the fact that this is the case, but, before going to zero, but don't be righteous slightly increases above a certain temperature.
Jérémy A.: So in fact this moves these shifts the spectrum of emission to the rights to a yacht analogies on this.
Jérémy A.: isn't This is why, maybe the scale we have chosen is not really adapted, because everything is a dimension that we're using the structured rages enrich with no not very structured way just sorry the.
Jérémy A.: The reason rages enrich so this shift to the left to the right is hidden in this bloods because of that.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: I think so because of what has changed is like.
Jérémy A.: Yes, because you're always on is smaller so.
yeah.
Jérémy A.: In fact, very precise thing it is a sin on this planet, so when it's when it's close to what the temperature is slightly above restructured temperature and things are a little bit moved to the right.
Jérémy A.: And then, when it shouldn't continually increasing, then the temperature decreases and goes to zero, and then everything is shifted to the left, and you have less stringent constraints.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Thank you.
Jérémy A.: Very some critical behavior.
Francesca Vidotto: JEREMY one more question i'll say.
Francesca Vidotto: If the lifetime is longer is it correct or sorry your your calculation doesn't hold any way that the The lifetime is longer is is that the result.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so on this, but we didn't compute the time evolution of black holes in the split was obtained by considering black holes in the in the HALO of galaxy.
Jérémy A.: So, which emits option radiation, right now, and this gives the constraints, because we have gamma Ray measures of the mission of Ada.
Jérémy A.: If we were if we were to take into account the evolution of black horse, we would have to consider cosmological emission of optimization which should be integrated, since.
Jérémy A.: From this end, and this will give a constraint that would not be linked to the alienation of the galaxy but river to the ISO true pitch.
Jérémy A.: emission of cosmological black holes, and this is not, this is not shown on this, but we can compute this with his at his program I presented just before but it's not taken into account, on the spot, and if we were to consider this in fact the main results would be that.
Jérémy A.: In fact, if if you consider black horse with a longer lifetime, it means that they emit less rapidly particles so In fact it translates just into a shift of constraints towards.
Jérémy A.: lowell mass is in fact attend to with fats in Ram black hole will be a just as within to fox in Graham infrastructure case.
Francesca Vidotto: Okay.
Jérémy A.: I turn it off.
Francesca Vidotto: yeah okay now.
Francesca Vidotto: In.
Francesca Vidotto: II II.
Francesca Vidotto: II.
Francesca Vidotto: shorter than the you've mq.
Francesca Vidotto: lifetime, so of course in this case, you are more interested in the masses that are smaller but I may ask you this later Thank you so much for.
Jérémy A.: No problem.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so let's come to my conclusion.
Jérémy A.: Is talk, what we have learned is that very existing code which is called black OPS, and we chose to compute vlt radiation of in Silicon Valley symmetry kinesthetic blackboards.
Jérémy A.: So in any modeller with an effective solution for black hole where you believe that token radiation takes place, you can compute yoking radiation constraints.
Jérémy A.: Using the second program which is called is, that is, you can compute the constraints and compel them to the shop she case this is particularly interesting if we if, in the near future we obtain some.
Jérémy A.: Some install the signal of oxygen radiation something like a contribution to the eyes, which will be background, for example, and if if we have the signal, then we should.
Jérémy A.: compare the different models of oxygen radiation, in addition to constraints constraints hurry, the structure of black holes, this could give some insights of the consumer to jump backwards, but, as we have seen in the pudding memorized case the.
Jérémy A.: We expect we don't expect much difference between very structured and reporting memorize case in any case where it's your own is smart as his as his general expected.
Jérémy A.: And in fact this approach Hakim radiation approach is complimentary to one of Milan, the hotel.
Jérémy A.: Which computed the control normal modes of blackmail, gels and the modification of his control normal modes in the premier rights, for example, metric, so this is a complete monetary approach.
Jérémy A.: We have some perspectives The first one is to extend the analysis to overwhelm and singular black course overall then polymerase black holes of preliminary pulling memorize the course, but we have another pretty memorization function.
Jérémy A.: and
Jérémy A.: As I said, as the blackwell evolution is modified, then the cosmological constraints on promoted backwards.
Jérémy A.: is modified also the phone number of your universe constraints if records live longer, because of yoking radiation is smaller.
Jérémy A.: competing with the fight so the bbn constraints of SMB constraints and everything.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so thank you for your attention, and thank you for all your questions.
Jérémy A.: And if you have any more, I will be glad to ask to answer them.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Great so thanks very much and so let's thank him, maybe you can unmute and.
Lord.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: i'm so sad sometimes when people are asked me questions there was glitches practical for you, we could not hear you in the middle, no that's fine, so I think i'm suggesting that most people, maybe switch up their videos that that makes that removes.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: reduces the bandwidth on the floor is open for questions, so please go ahead.
Carlo Rovelli: Do you call people by raising hands.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Okay, so sorry I.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: don't know that.
Carlo Rovelli: it's very short and it may be silly like my previous question, but the question is about.
Carlo Rovelli: The static assumption and.
Carlo Rovelli: How how crucial might be, and whether it might change, I think, for for the following reason, if you notice black holes are small enough, then there's Of course there is the hope the radiation is the.
Carlo Rovelli: action they become smaller and the and if there is a significant modification.
Carlo Rovelli: Of the effect of in the overall hopefully radiation it's gonna be I think when they are very small and getting close to the end of evaporation and there is a face, where up tomorrow, we do expect a quantum effect.
Carlo Rovelli: went to gravitational effect not not not not going to continue to become relevant.
Carlo Rovelli: And so, so can you capture that or or or the fact that your method is implicitly assuming a static black hole my might lose something in the fact that.
Carlo Rovelli: You see what i'm saying I mean that is Marco small, to start with is approaching the Planck scale so it's it's radiating lot, but then, but that is then it's not in a static situation is decreasing fast.
Jérémy A.: Yes, so, in fact, it was.
Jérémy A.: computed really early but static assumption breaks down just that will stay moments as well blackwell riches will block mess so.
Carlo Rovelli: So yeah.
Jérémy A.: Yes, that's really close to a blank mess so it's not at all captured in the approach we have taken, everything is considered as a static not strictly static so sweet we can't take into account this is this back reaction.
Jérémy A.: And in fact I have no idea of.
Jérémy A.: somebody who could have computed the outcome radiation in this case in a in a purely the dynamical case I have no.
Jérémy A.: No clue if.
Carlo Rovelli: You think what is your intuition and basically we've been working on that for long and you seem to create folders do you think that might be something interesting might come out into that or not.
Jérémy A.: yeah so some few should come out of that because the last stages of the evaporation will release so iver last burst of energy and then the remnant will disappear off it will leave a remnants and the difference between the two first will will give a difference last.
Jérémy A.: Last, and then the quantum effects, for example, the effect of a zero is zero is really close to two prong scale.
Jérémy A.: Then, this will become sensitive at the very end of the evaporation and the vet said that's the point where we could have an insight of what happens in fact what he will means, what is the what is it at this length scale.
Jérémy A.: More than this energy scale so yeah.
Jérémy A.: Before that we would need to.
Jérémy A.: observe reshot events.
Jérémy A.: But we don't have an access to, in fact, we have an excess of into an integrated things when when a lot of black ones could have an excess of that with a lot of records evaporates with to to single arise and observe one event would given access to yet quantum gravity and.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And, but.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: But this is quite distinct from the dark matter contribution right.
Yes.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So, as far as that magic wand to business concern I mean, first of all, I completely agree with.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: static approximation certainly big down and not at blank and blank canvas and not just the plant mass but actually.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: quite a bit before that, but still quite small I mean maybe million plan masses, maybe something like that, but still you're, starting with the.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Did 16 grams so tend to be 15 grand black hole and so or or long duration your analysis is called a static upload approximation will be fine and your at your predictions are still holding.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: During this long evaporation period right, I mean the last burst, is not something that can be.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: That is captured by you, but i'm not an hour like there is not captured by you, but on the other hand, I don't see that that is good to make a difference, for your constraints on primordial black holes of mass bigger than.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The time.
Is it.
Jérémy A.: yeah it's totally correct.
Carlo Rovelli: yeah that sounds that sounds reasonable the it may make a difference is from black holes, which are.
Carlo Rovelli: Smaller To start with, so.
Carlo Rovelli: yeah baltimore was much smaller paramore the black holes.
Carlo Rovelli: In it.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So that part is not covered by this at all, because of the next one Tina can condition, you were the bacteria that they.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Can.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So doctor has a question.
Carlo Rovelli: yeah there's one by one yeah.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Thank you.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Get 181.
Carlo Rovelli: you're muted.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: you're muted you.
Kin-Wang Ng: And i'm so sorry, yes I muted myself I didn't know yeah nice talk, I just wanted to ask a general question.
Kin-Wang Ng: yeah maybe we're still be one how sensitive.
Kin-Wang Ng: Is the radiation later depend on the degree of freedom.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so the rejection rates is something like proportional to the number of degrees of freedom in fact let's capture Bible F, the age factor.
Jérémy A.: So where is it.
Jérémy A.: No it's.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: No it's only a paycheck but.
Jérémy A.: I don't remember where I put it.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: In the in the introduction.
Jérémy A.: yeah you're right okay so let's yeah.
Jérémy A.: So, in fact, if you consider using to run for F, if you increase the number of degrees of freedom in this summer.
Jérémy A.: Then the evaporation is faster, so this is where you are sensitive to the number of degrees of freedom.
Kin-Wang Ng: yeah there's I don't understand in in in cosmology I mean the universe yeah you can argue that those particles decoupled from the firm above.
Kin-Wang Ng: But in hawking radiation this image all kinds of particle so it's very sensitive to the degree of freedom in nature and we don't know any about that, so I don't want will understand.
Jérémy A.: yeah so, in fact, the the answer to the question may lie in fact that.
Jérémy A.: In this floods you more.
Jérémy A.: Of that yeah Okay, so it should consider the age factor, so the mass goes from right to left in the evolution of blackboard because we must decreases, then you see that the number of degrees of freedom increases.
Jérémy A.: From Sunday you, which is close to one of a blue curve, to have a black job, etc, then you have to some value, which is quite close to 15 and this.
Jérémy A.: This encodes the number of degrees of freedom investment on moodle every corresponds to some some download a particular mission, so if we decrease the mass forever, so you know 10 to 2010 to 1210 to five to 10 zero Graham we we could expect that new degrees of freedom will come up.
Jérémy A.: and increase this page factor, which in fact it corresponds to two masses, but really smaller to 10 with 10 grams, maybe this is the the energy scale of.
Jérémy A.: The TV.
Jérémy A.: I tend we.
Jérémy A.: tend to 10 grams, but even at this point village time remaining the same of a black hole is really, really, really short is something that less than a Microsoft on our lesson and then soon.
Jérémy A.: Because the lifetime is proportional to the master the cube so, in fact, even if you had.
Jérémy A.: Say 100 degree of freedom to the standard model like know supersymmetry oh you double every the degree of freedom or even if you add like thousands of degrees of freedom, if we do, she goes to the great good.
Jérémy A.: scale, it will not modify.
Jérémy A.: This it's in the sensible way way up from algebra calls are evolving, it will only with the five really last stages of our congregation.
Jérémy A.: We have the duration of the stages is so short that, in fact, when you can't have an access to that So in fact yeah the initial of black holes is sensitive to the absolute number of degrees of freedom in nature, not like the cosmological degrees of freedom are.
Jérémy A.: linked to some decoupling processes, but in fact it it's a it's it's only visible at the very end of record evaporation when, in fact, everything happened so fast that you don't have an access to that.
Kin-Wang Ng: Okay, thank you.
No problem.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Any other questions.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Oh.
Francesca Vidotto: Francesca your questions earlier speculatively our Board of to your city.
Francesca Vidotto: yeah, I would like to share them with JEREMY so they are to the first one is about the production of the.
Francesca Vidotto: Heavy degrees of freedoms in this process so was wondering if there are any articles that we can look at the time, solving modify the bluejeans person in order to have a senior tour of it, poorly memorize the operation, then I have another.
Jérémy A.: So sorry, so you asked if we emit any degree of freedom.
Jérémy A.: yeah what would leave a signature.
Francesca Vidotto: If there is maybe some particle or some modification on in the abundance of particles, so that is possible to detector.
Francesca Vidotto: In a in direct way so that this could be a test of the model.
Jérémy A.: yeah so.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so it's very interesting, in fact, because.
Jérémy A.: The various in this domain of for promo geographical constraints, there is a.
Jérémy A.: head.
Jérémy A.: Something that makes me, it makes complicated to determine a precise results is where there is a high degeneracy between every parameter in the fury, so there is a high degeneracy between the abundance of luck holds the position of black holes, the energy scale of the mission.
Jérémy A.: And everything, and in fact the only way to to relive this junior degeneration, is to consider mutiny some jazz tournament where you could observe, at the same time from some black hole explosion, the number of protons and the number of, say, of nutrient value and get and latinas.
Jérémy A.: and other particles.
Jérémy A.: And in fact we've.
Jérémy A.: If we observe like gamma Ray bursts of from a black hole and at the same time, we have high energy neutrino conduct, but.
Jérémy A.: Then we can estimate what is the ratio between the two flexes and in fact this ratio is really, really sensitive to.
Jérémy A.: Add orientation procedure, so the way it heavy a degree of freedom degrees of freedom of heavy particles of a sudden within DK insider into a stable for the owner trainers.
Jérémy A.: And this ratio will depend solely on let's say TV or behind the on the TV degrees of freedom, because this is the largest scale we are considering.
Jérémy A.: Considering in the gamma Ray bursts so so yeah this would be accessible in this way.
Francesca Vidotto: So I would say that the answer is that, rather than looking at so big.
Francesca Vidotto: No have to look at the single events.
Jérémy A.: Yes, in a different channel.
Francesca Vidotto: yeah okay.
Francesca Vidotto: If i'm another another question.
Francesca Vidotto: And the other question is with respect to the production of promote the black hole so so, for instance in a in my group and we are considering production of primordial Nicole said before the big bang before the bounce.
Francesca Vidotto: But in what you are doing the production of remarkably course is always.
Francesca Vidotto: After inflation and there is a lot of work and nowadays to study different input on potentials that will give a different monster distributions for premium levels, so I was wondering, in the light of your results.
Francesca Vidotto: So, given that different masses could be allowance is that.
Francesca Vidotto: for girls or in flat competition shows that were maybe discarded that could be taken out from the head the game.
Francesca Vidotto: I sorry, this is a very generic question send the request to know the literature and that I must give because there has been so much developments of these days that i'm not aware, if this is the case.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so I missed some time part of your question, because the connection went down so.
Jérémy A.: i'm sorry.
Francesca Vidotto: I tried to repeat to quickly, I hope you can hear me so the question was about the different.
Francesca Vidotto: implant on potential so given different a massive spectrum for the promoter black holes and whether your results may allow for some potentials that were maybe previously discarded or maybe make some potential particularly interesting to step.
Francesca Vidotto: Is this.
Jérémy A.: Okay, so you mean.
Jérémy A.: To consider the constraints that are slightly related for boys blackboards maybe okay okay so yeah in fact.
Jérémy A.: As we, as we saw we the constraints are shifted by some something of yourself in order of magnitude, so this is the case, for I values of insulin if you believe in in them.
Jérémy A.: And for small values of insulin we don't expect much modification, so any spectrum that has previously previously been excluded will still be excluded.
Jérémy A.: So yeah I haven't I can't.
Jérémy A.: I have no great open this direction, but maybe something we can do is black Hawk.
Jérémy A.: Is what is interesting is to compute precisely what are the constraints, for an extension mass distribution because that's been.
Jérémy A.: Converting methods used two to tango constraints from monochromatic and to translate them into extended distribution.
Jérémy A.: But this was analytical and it is only it was only approximations so with black Hawk which can do is to enter precisely the spectrum of project records.
Jérémy A.: The feel real predicts and to compute the precisely a miracle evil constraints with that so maybe with complicated spectra like your multimodal spectral some things like that you could have.
Jérémy A.: Better insights, to be precise value of the constraints.
Francesca Vidotto: Right yes yeah I hope you will do that.
Jérémy A.: Thank you.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Okay, so a couple of questions, one is.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: About.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The basically out.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: A lot of us have the viewpoint that quantum gravity modifications will really show up when the curvature is close to plan which is it's not.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: distribute curvature and not some other quantity and so for a solo bass black hole or something since the curvature is quite small in terms of plant Units one one expects the.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: connections to be small, which will correspond excellent to be small, so in some sense I mean what one might want to do is to make this accident mass dependent.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And because i'm not sure if it is as much smaller project plan says a lot, you know million times on billion times Planck size black hole then maybe these corrections will be be.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: occur, which is one up on billion times of plan plan plan curvature, and so this correctly.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So that might be something that you might want to might want to consider, because if you just put absolute the fixed parameter then.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: For solo bass black holes or he would tend to the 1010 to 15% black holes, it would seem that the the corrections are absolutely could not be really too large for quantum gravity consideration, but as you expand the beginning yeah just taking the last one so it's perfectly fine.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So that was just apartment the second I talked to you very short question the first is in the very beginning, very when you are giving this beautiful motivation for.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: considering this primordial black hole I mean you also included that well at some of the events like oh i've seen has has no muscles, which are quite large.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: You know 6070 so the masses 100 so the masses and so but I when I talk to us to businesses at least the ones that I talked to in.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: may start it and hello, Peter majoris here, and so they feel that it is not a there's not real tension, I mean that you could have stopped, which is so large or input and an orange juice.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: That could create a black hole of 60 so the masses say 50 so the monsters, and then they could move, so this backwards, but I didn't burn do you have some some you.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: know some new literature says that no didn't read the attention.
Jérémy A.: In facts you're writing in the in the idea that the stila models were reconsidered recently to look if it's possible to explain the androids Rama says black holes from stellar evolution and factual rights retention is not quite problematic.
Jérémy A.: But the the the thing.
Jérémy A.: that the answer will come from the statistics Virginia has statistics of the evidence to felt that we await your lever results of caca with our legal and get going in the next friends, because we've some androids or maybe some thousands of male jobs.
Jérémy A.: We will have the statistics, but we could be compelled to celebration predictions, for example, if we have a retention will become clear in this case we've we've killer.
Jérémy A.: Statistical repetition of units for now we can still explain.
Jérémy A.: marginal events with huge stars or, for example, we've actually kind of a male gels boys i'm pretty sure.
Jérémy A.: Not to binary system, but to free records, two of them can mail, so you have a huge black hole, with hundreds of messages, but can afterwards, now we have a failed one to give them our jobs, we have job today.
Jérémy A.: So everything can be sorted out without requiring from a young black holes for now.
Jérémy A.: But maybe, something that will be more intention with still i'm still on medallia evolution is a measurement of the spin of records which are part of the binary.
Jérémy A.: Because instead of evolution you expect that black holes thumb we've we've a spinner but comes from the collapse of the stuff the disco when the stock collapses some momentum is from film to this and the investment to miss TOMS TOMS felt for blackboard.
Jérémy A.: So, and this is this stuff to be intention, we have stellar evolution models, because the spin of black hole but marriage is measured to be small and stellar evolution with us predict that will spin have collapsed.
Jérémy A.: should be high so maybe retention will come from the spin measurement and not from the message nolan's.
Jérémy A.: And, of course, if if we observe a black hole male jobs, we have a record of Lisbon, so now so, then we have to.
Jérémy A.: We have to invoke some some exotic formation mechanism, which is not related to start with, is this an advocate for now, maybe with resolved or entities.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And finally, I mean, as you know, there's also a lot of work on on echoes maybe some ways.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And that has to do with basically modifying again the metric you know, sometimes they get quantum gravity reasons but usually they just put behind and, in fact, is what one does is really changed the potential that you we had like they just stays a potential.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: near the horizon.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And so very close to the right and, as you know, the normally pick up the potential is really near the light right which is a little bit.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Like Article three, a little bit outside and.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: When they create is really a potential white add the horizon it's our plan to move from the pricing.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: And then they solve this equation.
Any.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Any thoughts on using those potentials in your analysis, because then the statement is that there will be tracking right.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: there'll be reflection transmission coefficients, but there are also some traffic between the two peaks of the potentials.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: know we cannot hear you.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: I guess you cannot hear me I guess.
Jérémy A.: Okay, can you hear me now.
Jérémy A.: yeah I.
Jérémy A.: mean for.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: You you could hear me right.
Jérémy A.: yeah yeah I could hear your question, but not the very end of it okay so.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The question was really about whether.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: You could consider such potential which have dramatically different from the ones that you're considering because they're the there is a second peak very close to the horizon plant plant moved away from the horizon and you shoot.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The second day and so that would change the reflection of speech and corporations and everything which the whole analysis will be changed so you looked at it.
Jérémy A.: No, I have no no hint of this kind of matrix so.
Jérémy A.: Maybe she can.
Jérémy A.: She can send it to me with effective issue of additional pixel for potential, then you can expect expect really huge which application of the outcome radiation phenomenon.
Jérémy A.: So I don't know.
Jérémy A.: If the energy.
Jérémy A.: Okay yeah it will depend on the analogy of a bicycle if the wavelength, is a sensible sensitive sorry to pitch to the additional pecan nuts, he is if, as you say, three close your eyes and.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: there's a lot of literature on this.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: What is what goes under the name of echoes.
Jérémy A.: Okay.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: I mean I I don't particularly think that the potentials that consider well motivated, but they do consider such potential such metrics and so.
Jérémy A.: Much it.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: So that people like ash party is one person who has been.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Now that impediment Institute, you can.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Okay, are there any other questions.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Any questions Okay, if not, I mean, thank you very much, this was a great talk and we.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: enjoy the show we let them off, so thank you very much for your talk okay.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Less less.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: Less Thank you again, and then.
Abhay Vasant Ashtekar: The seminar.
Francesca Vidotto: Thank you Jenny.
Jérémy A.: Thank you.